Inda Pictures India Beef and Port
Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2014; 34(four): 507–515.
An Outline of Meat Consumption in the Indian Population - A Pilot Review
Vellingiri Balachandar
1 Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar Academy, Coimbatore - 641 046, India
Sang In Lee
2 Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon 441-706, Korea
Received 2014 April 29; Revised 2014 Jun 28; Accepted 2014 Jul 24.
Abstruse
The consumption of meat is increasing in India and agriculture is considered as the backbone of a bulk of people. Livestock plays a significant office, and poultry and dairy are the major sectors contributing to economic development. The majority of meats consumed in Bharat are fish, bovine, mutton, caprine animal, grunter, and poultry. In Indian context, civilization, traditions, customs, and taboos influence meat consumption to a great extent. Notwithstanding, studies testify that urbanization has been causing a rise in need for meat products. Bharat is the earth's second largest exporter of beef. In Republic of india, 95% of caprine animal meat produced is consumed locally. Meat consumption, in particular, is determined by the religions where pork is forbidden to Muslims and beefiness is prohibited to Hindus. The preference and consumption of chicken meat tin can exist considered as a universal phenomenon and chicken meat is greatly accepted by consumers in India every bit compared to the other meat consumption. The increase of chicken meat consumption is due to the versatility of the meat, relatively depression cost in comparison to other meat, and the acceptance of the craven meat to all religions. There has been a great rise in the production of livestock products and this is expected to go along in the futurity. The pattern of meat consumption depends considerably on culture, tradition and urbanization. This review was formulated with the objective of identifying the meat consumption patterns in a typical Indian order.
Keywords: meat, Republic of india, consumption
Introduction
Agriculture is a major force driving the environment beyond the boundaries (Rockstrom et al., 2009). Of all activities humans engage on Earth, meat consumption has the largest ecology impact ranging from local to global. In India, growth in agricultural productivity has been slow during the past ii decades, and demand is growing for poultry and dairy products, in add-on to traditional staples, fruits, and vegetables. India remains home to the highest number of food-insecure people (Charles, 2012). Increase in meat production and it's need is expected to take identify mainly in developing countries. Between 1995 and 2020 they volition account for near 85 percent of the increase in global demand every bit confronting 25 percentage in developed countries (IFPRI, 1999). Over the by l years, meat consumption in particular has inverse dramatically. Man nutrition and nutritional status have undergone a sequence of major shifts, stated as the nutrition transition (Popkin, 2006; Tey et al., 2010).
According Dietz et al. (1996), patterns of nutrient production and consumption are at the core of all human ecology. Bear witness for hominid and early on man omnivore is rich and indisputable (Kiple, 2000; Larsen, 2000; Stanford and Bunn, 2001; Fly, 2000). Global meat including beefiness, pork and poultry exports have grown over forty% in less than x years, of 2014 forecast, depicting a strong demand and a record on rising incomes (Fig. 1). Beefiness and broiler meat are likely to reach a new record and pork to nearer level. For broiler meat, the growth continues from the Middle Eastern and Sub- Saharan African regions and it is expanding at a faster charge per unit (USDA, 2013).
Record of global meat merchandise (Source: USDA, 2013).
Amid animal foods, meat is considered equally highly nutritious and has go an integral component of human diet being a rich source of valuable proteins, vitamins, minerals, micronutrients and fats. Meat consumption is supposed to supply omega 3 fat acid and conjugated linoleic acid that affords multifaceted nutrient for human health. The style of cooking meat in India is different from that of other countries due to the incorporation of more spices, chilies in their preparations. The majority of meats consumed in Republic of india are fish, bovine (cow and buffalo), mutton, goat, pig, and poultry.
Meat-related evolution of major evolutionary importance was the domestication of many animal species that began about 11,000 years agone with sheep and goats and then progressed to cattle, pigs, horses, and camels (Alvard and Kuznar, 2001). In North East India livestock accounts for eighteen% of the value of output from the agronomics sector (Kumar et al., 2007). Since in early 1990s, India has achieved a striking speed of economic growth, leading to increased disposable income of Indian consumers. Information technology would take been expected that income growth would atomic number 82 to changes in the structure of need for nutrient bolt in India. Even so, research concerning India's food consumption continues to exist focused on foods from plants, while the demands for foods of animate being origin are poorly understood. In Bharat, there is only limited number of earlier studies that looked into animate being resources consumption. These include studies of Sinha and Giri (1989), examining the consumption of livestock products for three states of Gujarat, Punjab and Tripura (Gandhi and Mani, 1995), discussed near the importance of livestock product demand in India till the late 1980s and Dastagiri (2004), provided some general features of livestock product demand using information up to 1993. Even so, no previous studies accept well pictured the consumption of animal products. An evaluation of India's creature product consumption with the latest available data is necessary. This review focuses on meat consumption in India considering of its peculiarly serious effects on the global environment. With this background, the present review was formulated with the objective to identify the meat consumption patterns in a typical Indian society.
Factors Influencing Meat Consumption
In developing countries, culture plays a crucial office in determining nutrient patterns (Lahsaeizadeh, 2001). As Indians are controlled by the traditions and community, thus the dietary habit is significantly influenced. In Indian context, civilization, traditions, customs, and taboos influence meat consumption to a great extent especially in the rural societies. Nevertheless, studies show urbanization has been causing a rise in demand for meat products. As people move to cities, they adapt to get into meat consumption. The difference in consumption and product methods correlates strongly with the overall economy of a state. India is the country that consumes the to the lowest degree meat per capita (Tepper, 2012). In India, cultural differences are as well accountable for variations in meat consumption patterns. In the instance of India, the Hindu tradition of non-violence is the major reason for why the country does not consume large amounts of meat (Hindu ethic of nonviolence, 1996). Differences in food consumption be across regions and states. Bharat'south north and western region people are mainly wheat consumers, while in the s are mainly rice consumers (Gandhi and Koshy, 2006). At that place is also a vast variation in the per capita consumption of livestock products across states and regions (Gandhi and Zhou, 2010).
In India, meat consumption is still below 5 kg/cap/year (FAO, 2012). Almost one 3rd of Indians follow lactovegetarianism which came into prominence during the rule of Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, a promoter of Buddhism (Thakrar, 2007). Vegetarianism is much less common amid Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Bahais, Parsis and Jews (Yadav et al., 2006). Hinduism bars beef consumption, whilst Islam bars pork. Indian people ascribe greater cognitive functions to animals that they perceive to exist alike to themselves (Epley et al., 2008), and omnivores attribute considerably fewer mental and emotional complication to animals (Bilewicz et al., 2011). Thus the meat consumption habits of people in the state depend considerably on culture, tradition, urbanization etc, amidst others. Agrahar and Pal (2005) studied that, the food consumption pattern of Khasi tribals in 13 tribal villages in Meghalaya, Republic of india, and reported that their dietary pattern was however traditional. Rice, meat, roots and tubers, fermented foods, green leafy vegetables and fruits were consumed every day.
According to UNFAO (2007), Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption. Most restaurants in Republic of india clearly distinguish "Vegetarian" and "Non-vegetarian". India has given a organization of mark edible products made from vegetarian ingredients with a dark-green dot in green square (Fig. 2) and animal based products with a brown dot in brownish square. Co-ordinate to the state national survey by Hindu-CNN-IBN, 31% are vegetarians, ix% consume egg mainly due to the 55% Brahmin communities were vegetarians whereas vegetarianism is less frequent among Muslims (three%) and residents of coastal areas. Other surveys conducted by FAO and USDA estimates that 20 to 42% of Indians are being vegetarian.
Indian organisation of marker edible products. Vegetarian (Green) and Non-Vegetarian marker (Brownish).
Consumption of Meat
Food consumption is a basic activity contributing to survival of human beings. Therefore, the understanding of the food civilization creates a better agreement and more intimate relationship amid countries and people (Koo et al., 2008). The improvement in agriculture, allowed some cardinal changes in the human being fashion of life. Animal derived nutrient goods are the most resource intensive foods (Chemnitz and Becheva, 2014; Connor and MÃnguez, 2012; Marlow et al., 2009; Science News, 2010). Animal protein foods are at the top of the nutrient chain in relation to the resource (Chemnitz and Becheva, 2014). In many developing nations, it is expected that global meat consumption will continue to rise (Buttriss, 2011; Connor and MÃnguez, 2012). Fiala (2008) has suggested that if meat consumption patterns proceed along the same path, and so the consumption rates will be 72% college than 2000 levels in the year 2030. Demand for meat is growing in rapidly developing countries, particularly India, People's republic of china and Brazil (Cheminitz and Becheva, 2014; OECD, 2011)
Since the 1970s, at that place was a reduction in intake of whole grain cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables in India while intake of meat products have been increased (Misra et al., 2011; Popkin, 2002; Popkin et al., 2012). Animal Husbandry is playing a pivotal role in the Indian economy past contributing by most five.5% of Indian Gdp (Gross Domestic Product) (Basic Creature Husbandry Statistics 2002). Therefore, average almanac per capita meat supply (in carcass weight) remains below 5 kg in India (FAO, 2002). Due to taboos against the slaughter and consumption of cattle, beef consumption is banned in India, with the notable exceptions of the states of Kerala and Due west Bengal, as well as a few northeastern states. Chicken is India's preferred not-vegetarian protein source, with local production increasing by an estimated x pct annually. Given Indian meat preferences, domestic consumption is not expected to exceed the rate of population growth. 2012 consumption is estimated to have increased marginally, past 1.7 percent to 2.01 meg metric tons. 2013 consumption is forecast at 2.05 million metric tons, a ane.9 percent increase. The meat consumption patterns of rural people of Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, Republic of india revealed that the most preferred meat was craven (fifty.0%), followed by mutton (25.0%) and fish (25.0%) (Thammi Raju and Suryanarayana, 2005). Moving-picture show 6, depicts the civilization of food consumption in India with unlike recipes.
Food rest sheets illustrate levels below v kg/year until the late 1980s (FAO 2002). Milk, meat, and egg consumption in Republic of india is rising much faster than that of cereals (Table 1). Almost 37% of agricultural output growth between 2005 and 2011 came from animal products. Within this category, output of eggs and meat has risen faster, and poultry the fastest. Animal products have also contributed to 33% of the incremental food inflation over the past five years (Fig. three). Strong demand for dairy products encourages continued expansion in the bovine herd (USDA, 2013).
Table i.
Per capita consumption of meats: quantity and value per month, 2004/05
| Item | Rural | Urban | ALL | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | ||||||
| Quantity (Kg*) | Value (Rs) | Quantity (Kg*) | Value (Rs) | Quantity (Kg*) | Value (Rs) | |
| Goat meat/ Mutton | 0.047 | 4.31 | 0.070 | 7.85 | 0.053 | 5.21 |
| Beef/ buffalo meat | 0.031 | 1.34 | 0.056 | two.26 | 0.037 | 1.57 |
| Pork | 0.006 | 0.twoscore | 0.005 | 0.29 | 0.006 | 0.37 |
| Chicken | 0.050 | three.14 | 0.085 | 5.49 | 0.059 | 3.73 |
| Others meats | 0.003 | 0.11 | 0.002 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.x |
| Meat full | 0.137 | 9.30 | 0.218 | 15.95 | 0.158 | 10.98 |
Source: NSSO 2007, 61st Round.
Indian herd expansion supports meat product. Source: United States Section of Agronomics Foreign Agricultural Service Approved past the World Agricultural Outlook Board/USDA November 2013.
Different Kinds of Meat Consumption
Beef
According to data compiled by the fauna husbandry departments of all states, meat from registered slaughter houses increased from five.57 lakh tonnes in 2008 to eight.05 lakh tonnes in 2011. Export earnings from bovine (beef and cattle) meat expected to bear on Rs. 18,000 crore in 2012-2013 with about seventy% of the buffalo meat exported. According to the Us Department of Agriculture, Bharat became the largest exporter of beef edging out Australia and New Zealand in May 2012 (The Times of India, 2013). Picture i shows the beef meat for sale in India.
Pictures of different kinds of meat for auction in Republic of india: Beef meat.
Goat
Goats constitute an important species of livestock in Asia and contribute profoundly to food, rural employment and Gross Domestic Production. Goat meat is relished in all countries of Asia, Africa and Middle East where in that location is a tradition for meat consumption from both sheep and goats, and in some countries, such equally plains of India, the goat is the major supplier of meat. Goat rising is 1 of the important agricultural enterprises particularly in rural parts. Movie 2 shows the goat meat for sale in India. In Republic of india, 95% of goat meat produced is consumed locally and the per capita availability is far below the requirement. Thus, there is a considerable potential for developing goat production not merely for meat for internal consumption but also for export, for quality leather production in which Republic of india ranks high among the goat skin exporting countries.
Pictures of different kinds of meat for auction in India: Caprine animal meat.
Goat meat is consumed in more 40 countries viz. Commonwealth of australia, Canada, Caribbean Islands, China, Dubai, Hellenic republic, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Nihon, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Republic of guinea, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Due south Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, United states, Venezuela, Vietnam, / Argentina, France, Germany, Republic of ireland, Espana, United Kingdom, Republic of bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Republic of Republic of kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Turkey and Egypt (Pinkerton, 1995). India having the second largest goat population in the World can play a vital function to exploit this market. Asia has the largest population of goats with 55% of earth goat population, generally in India (35.ii%), China (29.three%) and Pakistan (12%) (Devendra, 2006). Prc has the highest consumption of goat meat, followed past Republic of india and Pakistan (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2009). Goats of unlike ages can exist used for homo consumption (Devendra and Owen, 1983) and the younger animals were slaughtered at 8-12 wk or with 6-8 kg and the adult at two and half dozen years of age weighing 20-30 kg).
Pork
In India, the traditional system of rearing pigs has not been well characterized. In Sikkim, amongst livestock, pigs are the most important, and every tribal family rears pigs as a backyard venture. At that place is a huge need for pigs because people of this state prefer pork than other meats. Co-ordinate to Ajala et al. (2007), in India, over 70% of people depend on agriculture and livestock for their livelihood. The income from pigs accounts for most 50% of full family income in the remote areas of the northeast region of India. In Due north-East India, most of the pigs were reared in intensive system and fed with bootleg cooked feed (kitchen waste and locally bachelor plants) (Kumaresan et al., 2009). Moanaro et al. (2011) reported sus scrofa rearing under a low-input production system in the Nagaland State of India where nonconventional feed resource requite majority of the feedstuffs offered to the animals. Movie three shows the pork meat for auction in Republic of india.
Pictures of different kinds of meat for sale in Bharat: Pork meat.
Fish
The nutritive value of fish is adamant by the content of fat acids that are beneficial to health. Traditionally, India has displayed a strong preference for ovine and caprine meat and fish in dissimilar geographical segments of the country. The high consumer retail price and depression availability of craven meat in the early 1990s contributed largely to this trend. Nonetheless, with increased production efficiency and greater market place penetration, this trend has shown a radical change (CLFMA, 2005). Picture 4 shows the fish meat for sale in India. Fish are an of import source of poly peptide for humans. Additionally, they are low in cholesterol and comprise beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ersoy and Celik, 2010). Even though India occupies fourth position in terms of fish product, the per capita consumption of fish in Republic of india is merely four.8 kg/yr (http://world wide web.st.nmfs.gov/st1/fus/us04/08 perita2004.pdf). India exports shrimp and fish to the world market and majority of the population along the coastal regions consume fish.
Pictures of different kinds of meat for sale in India: Fish meat.
Poultry
Meat consumption in particular is determined by the religions where pork is forbidden to Muslims and beef is prohibited to Hindus, which makes poultry meat highly consumed due to its religious credence. This is due to the increased need from consumers with higher incomes and the perceptions that poultry meat is healthier than other meats. Red meat consumption in Bharat is very low, for cultural and religious reasons. But Bharat has contributed in the global Livestock Revolution through extraordinary growth in the consumption of milk, eggs, and poultry meat. Poultry is in fact i of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in Bharat today (Tabular array 2). Broiler meat production is forecast to rise 6% to 3.6 million tons in 2014, fueled by escalating need for animal protein and a rising preference for processed poultry products, an indication of changing tastes and preferences (Fig. 4). Craven meat production in India was ranked 6th in the world in 2011, using FAOSTAT rankings. (Source: Foreign Agricultural Service, Official USDA Estimates). India's per capita consumption of poultry meat is forecast at 2.ii kg per annum in 2014; chicken is Bharat's preferred non-vegetarian protein source. Gandhi and Zhou (2010) indicated a rapid rise need for animal products in India. Milk demand may grow at about 10.6% per year, egg demand at vii.4% and meat need at 8.4%. Except for chicken in which production growth somewhat exceeds the need growth. A recent study projects India'southward meat consumption (by and large poultry meat) rising to eighteen kg in 2050 (Van der Mensbrugghe et al., 2011). Notwithstanding, Republic of india will all the same have very low meat consumption compared with other countries.
Table ii.
India'south poultry meat consumption
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per Capita (Kg) | i.9 | two.0 | 2.1 | ii.2 | ii.ii |
| Total in Kilotons | 2,645.9 | ii,889.six | three,062.1 | 3,154.7 | iii,246.8 |
Source: http://world wide web.oecd.org/site/oecd-faoagriculturaloutlook/
Broiler meat production in India. Source: Foreign Agricultural Service, Official USDA Estimates.
The preference and consumption of chicken meat tin be considered as a universal miracle and chicken meat is greatly accepted past consumers worldwide as compared to the other meat consumption. The increase of chicken meat consumption is due to the versatility of the meat, relatively depression toll in comparing to other meat, the acceptance of the chicken meat to all religions and increase in the household income. Other countries suggest that India is an internationally competitive producer of poultry meat. According to Rao et al. (2005), chicken meat is likewise served during Christmas festival and one of the unique dishes served in India during this season is chicken Manchuria. Every bit far as the Indians are concerned, they prefer salad as a side dish for chicken meat (Jayaraman et al., 2013). Picture 5 shows the poultry meat for sale in India.
Pictures of dissimilar kinds of meat for auction in India: Poultry meat.
Conclusion
Traditionally, people in Bharat eat foods based on grains and vegetables, and eat limited amounts of meats and meat products. The recent economical growth and introduction of western culture have changed the food consumption habits in India. The increase of the consumption of meat and meat products, yet, will be limited, considering of the staple diet due to the climate, geography, organized religion, and food culture. In order to increase meat consumption, a stable investment should be a prerequisite from the government.
There has been a great rise in the production of livestock products and this is expected to go on in the time to come. This is particularly the case in developing countries similar Republic of india. Although there is overconsumption of meat in adult regions, there is clearly a need to promote the development of livestock production and the consumption. Livestock production can make good use of resources, some of which would otherwise not be used, and contributes high quality poly peptide and of import micronutrients to the human diet. The pattern of meat consumption in Republic of india depends considerably on culture, tradition and urbanization.
Dissimilar kinds of food consumption design in India. (a) Vegetarian food - Rice with vegetable curries.
Different kinds of food consumption pattern in India. (b) Non-Vegetarian nutrient - Biryani (Rice with caprine animal meat), grilled chicken and craven spicy gravy.
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Articles from Korean Journal for Food Science of Fauna Resources are provided here courtesy of The Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662155/
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